Fish out of water

 

By Jackie Schwartzstein, Vertebrate Ecology Lab

Last weekend, my fellow Vert-Lab-member Angie and I hopped in my little car and made the four hour drive down to Carpinteria, CA for offshore survival training.  We are preparing to join a research team that conducts aerial surveys for marine turtles and mammals along the central California coast.  Before we can participate in these surveys, we are required to take a course in open water survival.

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The M.O.S.T. training course in Carpinteria was designed to give us the tools to survive in the open water when technology fails us, but help is on the way.  Courses like this one are increasingly being required for people who work on fishing vessels, oil platforms, and other types of ocean-based employment.

McMillan Offshore Survival Training
McMillan Offshore Survival Training

Early Monday morning, Angie and I jumped, fully clothed, into a swimming pool - pursuing safety and preparedness!  We started off the day in life jackets, learning how to put them on in the water and even manipulate them while blindfolded.  We  learned safety swimming patterns to make ourselves larger targets for rescue, to support injured companions, and to defend ourselves from curious or hungry marine life.  In an emergency one might not have the chance to even put on a life jacket, so we also practiced making life preservers out of our pants.  (This is by far my favorite new party trick.)

Helicopter crash training
Helicopter crash training

After we practiced climbing abord life rafts and familiarizing ourselves with their layout and supplies, we began learning some techniques for surviving a helicopter crash over water.  The metal frame in the above picture has seat belts, just like in an airplane.  Our job was to strap ourselves into this 'helicopter', get turned upside down underwater, and then calmly un-buckle ourselves and swim out of a designated exit.  We did this blindfolded, with skeleton doors and windows attached to the metal frame, and even with a small, handheld tank of air that would extend the amount of time we could remain in the 'helicopter' before surfacing.  These tasks may seem strait-forward,  but even in a training simulation where there was no real fear of injury I found it difficult to think clearly while upside-down, cold, and underwater.  It's a good thing I've had the chance to practice!

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Life jackets, life rafts, and getting flipped upside down!

We finished off the morning pool training by learning to swim through oil and burning chemicals on the water.  By this time we had been in the pool for about four hours, and we were COLD!  We were happy to go inside for the remaining classroom-learning portion of the course.  Angie and I drove back home Monday night, exhausted, but equipped with a completely new set of survival techniques.  Now we just have to make sure that we never have to use them!

Hope everyone is having a relaxing and safe Spring Break!

All photo credit to M.O.S.T. http://www.mcmillanoffshore.com/pictures.htm

Tis the season for MLML Open House

By Michelle Marraffini, Invertebrate Zoology Lab

The vertebrate ecology lab’s recreation of the inside of a whale. (photo by The Moss Lander).
The Vertebrate Ecology Lab’s recreation of the inside of a whale. (photo by The Moss Lander).

The spring semester is buzzing with activity from classes, field trips, and preparing for Open House.

Have you ever walked inside the belly of a whale?  Want to know how long turtles live or what seastars eat?  This year's Open House will answer these and so many more of your ocean questions.  Be there Saturday April 20th and Sunday April 21st from 9am to 5pm.  As a FREE EVENT we offer a marine adventure puppet show, education presentations by students and faculty, live touch tanks, a sea lion show, raffle and prizes, and so much more.  There is so much to see you will need to come back both days!

Open House!
Entry Way to MLML. Dive into Open House! April 20th and 21st
Photo by Scott Gabara

Our next class meeting will be in the ocean…

By Scott Gabara

Field courses are one of the best parts of attending graduate school at Moss Landing.  Class is moved from the classroom or lab to the great outdoors.  Getting away from the computer and out into nature helps keep anyone more balanced.  We learn ecological concepts and then view or test them in the field to better understand subtidal ecology.  This spring, the subtidal ecology class has been out SCUBA diving around Monterey Bay, identifying species and their relationships (ecology).

The subtidal ecology class gears up to go on an identification dive. The water temperature is 11 Celsius (52 F), so thick neoprene suits are used as thermal insulation.
The subtidal ecology class gears up to go on an identification dive. The water temperature is around 11 Celsius (52 Fahrenheit), so thick neoprene suits are used as thermal insulation.

Identifying organisms in the field can be very difficult if using color, as it changes as you descend through the water column.  Red, orange and yellow do not penetrate through the water very far, so we use waterproof flashlights to restore the natural spectrum and hopefully more easily identify organisms.

Two students in the subtidal ecology class are on an identification survey, trying to learn different fish, algae and invertebrates in Monterey Bay.
Two students in the subtidal ecology class (Catherine Drake and Christian Denney) are on an identification survey, trying to learn different fish, algae, and invertebrates in Monterey Bay.

Comparing data with someone else when learning to identify organisms makes the process much easier.  You can quickly learn if you are mis-identifying something and try to find another one to recalibrate yourself.  Here are some species you may see around the Southern Monterey Bay area :

This alga, the Southern sea palm, reaches about 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) tall. An identifying feature of this alga is that is has a "Y" near the top of the stipe, where is splits into two bunches of blades. Aggregations of this alga form understory forests, important for different fishes, invertebrates, and mammals.
This alga, the Southern sea palm, reaches about 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) tall. An identifying feature of this alga is that is has a "Y" near the top of the stipe or stem, where is splits into two bunches of blades. Aggregations of this alga form understory forests, important for different fishes, invertebrates, and mammals.
This is an anemone, named the fish-eating anemone, which feeds on shrimp, small fish and other opportunistic food items.
This is an anemone, named the fish-eating anemone, which feeds on shrimp, small fish and other opportunistic food items.  An identifying feature of this anemone is the smooth red column seen at the bottom of the photo.

Sampling on the High Seas

By Diane Wyse, Physical Oceanography Lab

Last week, students from the Chemical Oceanography class took advantage of many of the resources at Moss Landing Marine Labs to perform an analysis of dissolved oxygen throughout the seawater intake system.  The system supplies seawater from offshore to the MLML aquarium (up on “the hill,” at the main campus of the lab), the live tanks at Phil’s Fish Market, MBARI’s Test Tank, and to SLEWTHS.

Moss Landing

For the first stop of the day, students Kristin Walovich and Ashley Wheeler joined professor Kenneth Coale and teaching assistant Diane Wyse in loading up a whaler with supplies for sampling.  The team set out to collect water offshore at 17 m, around the depth that water is brought into the system.  The whaler, one of three available to students through the MLML Small Boats, was equipped with an aluminum pulley system to collect water at depth.

Professor Kenneth Coale and students Kristin Walovich and Ashley Wheeler prepare to sample water at depth. Photo: D. Wyse
Professor Kenneth Coale and students Kristin Walovich and Ashley Wheeler prepare to sample water at depth. Photo: D. Wyse
Professor Kenneth Coale samples water from ~17 m using a Niskin bottle. Photo: D. Wyse
Professor Kenneth Coale samples water from ~17 m using a Niskin bottle. Photo: D. Wyse

The second stop on the seawater sampling adventure was at the MLML Pumphouse, where unfiltered seawater passes through the instruments of the data acquisition system.  A variety of oceanographic parameters, including temperature, salinity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen concentration, are measured and shared with the public through the MLML Public Data Portal.

Finally, the sampling team headed up the hill to the MLML aquarium, and collected and pickled water that is pumped in for the marine flora and fauna kept for thesis research and class projects.  The “pickling” step involves addition of reagents to the glass collection bottles before they are sealed to prevent further biological processes from altering the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sample.  The pickling process was applied in the same fashion, immediately after collecting, to all of the samples taken that day.

Kristin Walovich samples water from the MLML Aquarium
Kristin Walovich samples water from the MLML Aquarium

Back at the MLML Environmental Biotechnology Lab students performed a Winkler titration to determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the samples.   The data from this class experiment can be used to help calibrate the oxygen optodes on the Public Data Portal system.

WinklerAnalysis

Understanding Early Diagenesis in the Monterey Bay

By Catherine Drake, Invertebrate Zoology Lab

Sedimentation is the process by which particles sink and accumulate on the seafloor. Layers upon layers of these settled materials tell the story of the oceans and climate from which they originated. Alterations to these sediments from compaction, bioturbation, and microbial respiration form sedimentary rocks through an action termed diagenesis.  A better comprehension of diagenesis is needed to translate the sedimentary record into clues that help explain past events. To better understand these processes, students at MLML take the MS 274 “Advanced Topics in Oceanography” course.  This class, taught by Dr. Ivano Aiello and Dr. Kenneth Coale, examines the factors that affect sedimentation and subsequent diagenesis in Monterey Bay.

A major driver of sedimentation is the ocean “biological pump.” This is the fixation of carbon by phytoplankton and the subsequent transport of plankton debris to depth.  Over time, these materials undergo diagenesis as more sediments are deposited and compacted or consumed and disturbed by organisms. The process of diagenesis mimics many of the same processes as we observe in a compost pile, but occurs much slower.

To study which organisms drive the biological pump in Monterey Bay, the MS 274 class constructed sediment traps. To build the array, we first mastered the technique of splicing rope together.  This rope held our sediment traps to a mooring approximately 30 feet above the seafloor to ensure that the traps would be suspended in the water column.   On top of the array, we fastened a surface float to aid in recovery.  The purpose of the array was to catch fresh material that we could compare to materials in cores from the seafloor at the same location.

Learning to splice rope to use for our sediment trap array. Photo by: Diane Wyse
Emily Donham and Catherine Drake learning to splice rope to use for our sediment trap array. Photo by: Diane Wyse
Dr. Kenneth Coale drew out a schematic for our sediment array. Photo by: Diane Wyse
Dr. Kenneth Coale drew a schematic for our sediment array. Photo by: Diane Wyse

On September 24, 2012, we boarded the R/V John H. Martin and set a course for a location in Monterey Bay that was approximately 60 feet deep and deployed our sediment trap array.  Then, two weeks later on October 8, 2012, we again set off aboard the R/V John H. Martin and collected the samples to begin our investigation into the process of sedimentation in the Monterey Bay.

The MS 274 class waits aboard the R/V John H. Martin to reach the sediment trap deployment site. Photo by: Catherine Drake
The MS 274 class waits aboard the R/V John H. Martin to reach the sediment trap deployment site. Photo by: Catherine Drake

This involved many hours of sitting at multiple microscopes and quantifying the type of particles we saw; now, these microscopes that we used aren’t your average dissecting scope.  Instead, to get a better depiction of the composition of each sample, we used two specialized types: petrographic and scanning electron microscopes.  These specialized scopes gave us better resolution when trying to identify and quantify the lithogenic (of rock origin) and biogenic (of biological origin) particles in our samples.

This image is produced from a petrographic microscope, which uses polarized light to highlight the minerals in a sample. Photo by Catherine Drake.
This image is produced from a petrographic microscope, which uses polarized light to highlight the minerals in a sample. Photo by Catherine Drake.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows a pennate diatom from a sample within the surface-sediment interval, or "fluffy" layer. Photo by: Catherine Drake.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows a pennate diatom from a sample within the surface-sediment interval, or "fluffy" layer. Photo by: Catherine Drake.

Now remember that processes such as compaction, bioturbation, and respiration form sedimentary rocks through diagenesis. Due to a strong current system in Monterey Bay, we hypothesized that biogenic substances would be transported offshore and thus would not be present in a shallow, high energy, depositional environment, even though they are present in the water column.  In contrast, it was hypothesized that lithogenic particles would be dense enough to deposit in a turbulent coastal environment.

We actually found that there was a higher percentage of lithogenics in both the sediment traps and the cores.  For the two weeks that the sediment traps were deployed, dredging was occurring in the Moss Landing harbor, making the water very turbid.  So, we suggest that this could be a possible explanation for the high percentage of minerals in the sediment trap sample.  Overall, we learned that Monterey Bay, with its submarine canyon and turbulent waters, is a very unique system when observing the processes of sedimentation and early diagenesis!

Chronicles of a Curious Beachcomber

by Angela Szesciorka, Vertebrate Ecology Lab

A few Sundays ago — Super Bowl Sunday, in fact — I took a three-hour walk along the beach at Fort Ord in Monterey, CA with Don Glasco, a systems engineer and former cartographer.

This wasn’t a leisurely pursuit, but my volunteer service to the Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network’s (SIMoN) Coastal Ocean Mammal and Bird Education and Research Surveys, also known as Beach COMBERS.

I meet Don at Fort Ord Dunes State Park in Marina around 9 a.m. After downing the last of my coffee, we head out into the foggy morning.

Don Glasco referring to the almighty bird book to identify an unknown species by its toes. Photo by Angela Szesciorka.
Don Glasco referring to the almighty bird book to identify an unknown species by its toes.

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And Now for Something Completely Different

by Angela Szesciorka, Vertebrate Ecology Lab

Most of my posts tend to reflect my love of marine mammals, specifically the large, “charismatic whales” as they are oft referred to.

But I wanted to tell you about one of my day jobs. [As if grad students have all this time in-between taking classes and working on their thesis. But I digress … ]

I work for a marine engineering company in Santa Cruz, doing coastal engineering. Or, what we tell the general public: we play with mud.

Coastal engineering is a sector within civil engineering. This means companies hire us to help them with harbor design and construction; beach nourishment and erosion studies; wave modeling and forecasting, sediment transport modeling; and dredging and pile driving monitoring; among many others.

Dredgers in the Moss Landing harbor. Photo by Angela Szesciorka.
Monitoring the dredgers in the Moss Landing harbor.

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What’s that on the rock?

By Michelle Marraffini, Invertebrate Zoology Lab

Can you see the octopus?
What do you see on the rock?

What's that on the rock?

The invertebrate zoology class took a field trip to Asilomar State Beach last week to look for cool creatures.  Professor Jon Geller encouraged us to turn over rocks looking for flatworms, the topic of this week's lecture.  As I overturned one rock I noticed something quickly hunker down.  It was this tiny octopus that tried to camouflage itself with the rock.   An octopus's boneless body is well suited for changing its shape and its ability to mimic other animals, algae, and rocks or sand can be quite impressive.  Check out this video of an octopus camouflaging itself ('Where's the Octopus?').  These extraordinary animals are different from other camouflaging animals because they not only change their color and shadow but they also change the texture of their skin to match their background and they do all of this by sight!

Their very kein eyes detect the object they wish to look like and control over 30 million chromatograms (color producing cells) and papilla (cause the three dimensional shape of the skin).  Octopus's do this while color blind which mystifies scientists.

Look under rocks
Small octopus found at Asilomar State Beach hiding under a rock at low tide.

This octopus I found is likely a Pacific red octopus (Octopus reubescens), though it swam away before I could get a good look (no animals were harmed in the making of this blog post).  This is so far the coolest creature I have seen in the intertidal.  Get outside and see what you can find!

Taking off safe and sound
My little buddy swimming away.

Biological Oceanography Class Field Trip to the California Maritime Academy

by Diane Wyse, Physical Oceanography Lab

Last week the biological oceanography class took a field trip to the California Maritime Academy in Vallejo.  The purpose of the trip was to learn about the MLML Biological Oceanography Lab’s work with ballast water treatment aboard the Training Ship Golden Bear.

VallejoBridge
View of the Carquinez Strait Bridge from the TS Golden Bear. Photo: D. Wyse

We started the day with background about the importance of ballast water treatment for aquatic invasive species management, led by Biological Oceanography Lab students Brian Maurer, Heather Fulton-Bennet, and Julie Kuo.

Biological oceanography student Brian Maurer concentrates a water sample to test for zooplankton viability.
Biological oceanography student Brian Maurer concentrates a water sample to test for zooplankton viability. Photo: D. Wyse

 After that we took a tour of the ship’s engine room, bridge, and saw some of the living quarters.  The ship can house up to 350 people and each year takes a 2-month cruise in different parts of the world to train Cal Maritime students about merchant marine operations and engineering.

Members of the biological oceanography class take a tour of the TS Golden Bear. Photo: D. Wyse
Members of the biological oceanography class take a tour of the TS Golden Bear. Photo: D. Wyse

In the afternoon we took a tour of the marine biology lab, where Biological Oceanography lab students, under the direction of Dr Nick Welshmeyer, analyze the effectiveness of different ballast water treatment methods.

Biological oceanography student Heather Fulton-Bennet counts live zooplankton under a microscope on the TS Golden Bear
Biological oceanography student Heather Fulton-Bennet counts live zooplankton under a microscope on the TS Golden Bear

Whales, Pinnipeds, and Sharks, Oh my!

By Kristin Walovich

On the weekend of the 26th and 27th of January 2013 WhaleFest was held at Fisherman's Wharf in Monterey. Organizations ranged from local non-profit marine research and public outreach organizations and program here in the Monterey county, as well as fun activities such as painting a squid!

Camp Sea Organization in WhaleFest
Camp Sea Lab in WhaleFest

Our own very Pacific Shark Research Center participated in this event to share their knowledge of sharks to the public. It was a very windy, cloudy, and cold on Saturday as we set up the station. The strong wind made it a challenge to keep fliers and posters on the table. Braving the weather, our efforts were recognized as visitors intrigued by the mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus head and of a shark fin we had on display, began to ask questions. We were able to teach visitors more about sharks and also talk about the research that's going around in Moss Landing Marine Laboratories! Many of them are very interested in attending the Open House event that will be held at MLML April 20th and 21st.

Visitors intrigued by the shark head.
Visitors intrigued by the shark head.

 

There were many attempts to inflate a humpback whale in the Festival on Saturday, but because of the strong wind, the whale was never completed.

Inflating the humpback whale
Inflating the humpback whale

But luckily, the weather cleared up and the sun came out and made WhaleFest far more enjoyable!

Kristin interpreting for the visitors
Kristin interpreting for the visitors