Discovering a New Species of Ghost Shark

A new species of chimaera described by MLML student Kelsey James (photo by K. James)
The Eastern Pacific Black Ghost Shark: a new species of chimaera described by MLML student Kelsey James (photo by K. James)

by Erin Loury, Ichthyology Lab

Your mission, should you choose to accept it: describe a new species unknown to science.  That’s exactly the mission a few MLML students undertook last spring in a class on systematics.   Systematics is the study of how all living things on earth are related to each other through evolutionary relationships.  It involves figuring out how species are grouped together in these relationships, and identifying what makes species different from one another – a lot like a detective piecing clues together.

Ichthyology student Kelsey James recently cracked the case of of the Eastern Pacific black ghost shark.  This fish is a new species of chimaera, which is a cartilaginous fish related to sharks and rays.  Although scientists collected a specimen in Baja California in the 1970s and thought it was a new species, the fish languished in a jar for years waiting for someone to take the time to investigate it (a story all too sad and true for many new species out there).  After Kelsey’s close examination, she and other scientists decided it was indeed different from other chimaeras, and gave it the scientific name Hydrolagus melanophasma in a recent publication.

According to Kelsey, the process of describing a new species is actually fairly straight forward.  “First you have to look at everything closely related to it in the same genus, and then decide why it is or isn’t an already described species,” she said.  Sometimes it’s easy to see that a species looks different from others, but describing why it’s different in terms of body measurements (like fin size and spacing, jaw length, etc.) can be much harder to explain.  “The hardest part for me was describing a few good key characteristics that anyone could use to identify this species, which is called a diagnosis,” she said

[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jelQFJ0u7TA]

What made the project particularly exciting for Kelsey was that MBARI (the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) had ROV footage of her species swimming around at 1500 m in the Gulf of California (video above).  “It is spectacular to see this creature in action,” she said after watching their tapes.  “The differences between the preserved specimen, which I had been looking at for 2 months, and the live one were astounding.”

In addition to being published in the scientific journal Zootaxa, the story has created a lot of media buzz, garnering press time from the Smithsonian, Wired Science, National Geographic, and even a German website. Not bad for a class project!

Aboard the Point Sur – Combing the Depths of Monterey Bay

Need a spare?  Katie shows one of the eye-popping hazards of bringing fish from deep water to the surface (photo by Michelle Kay)
Need a spare? Katie shows one of the eye-popping hazards of bringing fish from deep water to the surface (photo by Michelle Kay)

Ichthyology student Katie Schmidt is currently aboard the Research Vessel Point Sur, helping a team of scientists study deep sea animals of Monterey Bay.  The team includes Dr. Jeff Drazen from the University of Hawaii, and Michelle Kay, a school teacher who is keeping a ship-board blog about life on a research cruise.   Check out her blog for great pictures of trawls full of deep-sea fish and invertebrates, as well as some cool underwater camera shots!

Deep-sea crabs and fish come to snack in view of the underwater camera (photo by Jeff Drazen)
Deep-sea crabs and fish come to snack in view of the underwater camera (photo by Jeff Drazen)

Bumpy Bering Sea Summer

Don’t trust that twinkle in Jacques Cousteau’s eye!

Jacques Cousteau
Jacques Cousteau
Meyers_Palmyra2
Photo: Amanda M.

And, don’t be fooled by the idyllic photo that my friend Amanda M. took at her field site on Palmyra Atoll…

I’m here to remind everyone that Marine Science is not always bikinis, cocktails, warm sand, and sunsets.

(hmmm… should I have read the fine print before signing up?  Shelby, do you need a field assistant in Panama?).

There is much to be studied in the cooler latitudes, and the abundance of marine birds and mammals truly defies description.

HUWH and Shearwaters_resized
Photo: NOAA / NMML

Perhaps the greatest challenge in working at high latitudes is the weather.  Specifically, what the weather can do to you while you’re working on the ocean!

Research time at sea is always an adventure, and usually it is a grand and engaging one at that.  But it can also be tiring, physically uncomfortable, and monotonous… or even a little too thrilling!  A friend of mine that sails frequently describes long ocean crossings as “days of boredom interrupted by moments of absolute terror”.

This summer I spent another 28 days out on the Bering Sea, studying the foraging ecology of seabirds and fur seals.  This was the second and final summer of data collection for my thesis work, which is funded as a component of the North Pacific Research Board’s Patch Dynamics Study http://bsierp.nprb.org/focal/patch.html.

I spent my time on the contracted vessel R/V Gold Rush, which is a 99’ trawler that spends most every day of the year working in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Seas.

IMG_2725
Photo: L. Whitman

As you might expect, this ship is sturdy, well-maintained, and operated by a very skilled and competent crew.  Nonetheless we did encounter some ocean conditions that slowed our progress and reminded us just how small we were…

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Nate Jones
Nate Jones

Science in the Tropics – Positive Relationships of Panama’s Corals

Getting up close with corals (and their symbionts) long enough to do research requires some SCUBA time.
Getting up close with corals (and their symbionts) long enough to do research requires some SCUBA time.
Shelby Boyer
Shelby Boyer

by Shelby Boyer, Invertebrate Zoology Lab

Believe it or not, heading off to an exotic, remote field site is not uncommon for scientists. For me, this site is the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute located on the Pacific Ocean side of Panama. I came all the way here to study corals and their interactions with endosymbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) that live inside of coral tissues. This relationship only occurs in warm, clear tropical waters near the equator.

Zooxanthellae, like all other algae, make energy from sunlight and pass some of that energy to the coral they live inside of. In return the zooxanthellae are provided with a place to live and some nutrients from the coral. When there is a positive benefit for both organisms, scientists call it a mutualism. I am just getting started on my research here and will be updating the blog as it gets going!

Follow Polar Explorers to the Antarctic

SCINI does a test dive at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Institute (MBARI).  (photo courtesy of the SCINI project)
SCINI does a test dive at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Institute (MBARI), shining a light from the camera dome on the left. (photo courtesy of the SCINI project)

MLML benthic ecology researchers are off to Antarctica again this fall for another field season with their robot SCINI, which serves as a scientist’s eyes in dark, freezing waters under the Antarctic ice (click here to get the skinny on this slender robot).   Despite their distant location, this will be far from a remote operation – the team will be logged in and connected to the “outside world” (that means you!) through a number of different channels.

You can follow their “Daily Slog” blog updates at the SCINI project website. MLML researcher Stacy Kim will also be a scientific correspondent for the Exploratorium Ice Stories project starting next week.    A PolarTREC teacher will also be blogging her experiences for the K-12 crowd.  You  can  send the team questions or sign up to participate in webinars through PolarTREC.  Get ready for an icy adventure from the comfort of your own home!

Summer at Sea: Early Riser

Leaving Half Moon Bay before the sun for a day of fishing with the California Collaborative Fisheries Research Program (photo: E. Loury)
Leaving Half Moon Bay before the sun for a day of fishing with the California Collaborative Fisheries Research Program (photo: E. Loury)
Erin Loury
Erin Loury

By Erin Loury, Ichthyology Lab

If you’re not a good morning person, think carefully before considering any type of marine field work.  Whether it’s to catch a good low tide to sample an otherwise submerged tidepool, or to squeeze in as much fishing time on the water before the afternoon wind, it’s not unusual to start a summer morning of field work at 4 a.m.  I definitely gain a new respect for weather and tides when operating on nature’s schedule – and maybe lose a bit in the beauty sleep department.
There are other consequences: I start thinking about lunch around 9:30 a.m., and bed starts sounding awfully good at 8 p.m.   Although I often wish I had a crowbar to pry open my eyelids that early in the morning, the pre-dawn start can have its benefits too.  Such as watching the sunrise light up the ocean.   Suddenly, the field work I was cursing not two hours before becomes the luckiest job the world – and I remember just why I wanted to do marine science in the first place.

Sunrise at the Channel Islands on a National Marine Fisheries survey (photo: Erin Loury)
Sunrise at the Channel Islands on a National Marine Fisheries survey (photo: Erin Loury)

A Fish Cupcake Creation

Another sweet and fishy creation by Ichthyology student Diane Hass (photo: E. Loury).
China rockfish: another sweet and fishy creation by Ichthyology student Diane Hass (photo: E. Loury).

by Erin Loury Ichthyology Lab

The queen of marine creativity stikes again! Diane Haas, an Ichthyology Lab student (who you may know as creator of some sweet, toothy shark cupcakes) crafted this vision in frosting for labmate Tom Wadwsorth’s thesis defense last week.  The lucky subject?  A China rockfish (Sebastes nebulosus).  What a delicious complement to Tom’s thesis, “Trends in Abundance Surveys of Nearshore Rocky Reef Fishes in Central California 1959-2007.”  Congrats, Tom, and two thumbs up to Diane!  (Oh, would this cake qualifiy as sustainable seafood?)

An actual factual China rockfish (Sebastes nebulosus) - how does Diane's artistry measure up?
An actual factual China rockfish (Sebastes nebulosus) - how does Diane's artistry measure up? (photo: N. Yochum)

Are you FishWise? Check this Sustainable Seafood blog

Mariah Boyle
Mariah Boyle

by Mariah Boyle, Ichthyology Lab

At MLML, many graduate students need an outside job to help pay the bills while working towards their degree. My outside job that gives me  a different perspective on the oceans –  I work at FishWise, a non-profit sustainable seafood consultancy in Santa Cruz, that helps seafood producers, distributors, and retailers source and sell more sustainable products. Working with seafood consumers and the seafood industry allows me to apply my background of research in fish science (ichthyology) to the real problems facing our oceans today like contaminants, overfishing, and pollution.

Sure we all think about the oceans when we pick up litter off the beach or don’t pour anything down the street drains that lead to the oceans, but what about when we shop for groceries? It is time we all took responsibility for what seafood we eat, whether in the grocery store or at a nice seafood restaurant.

Now there is a new blog that can help you do just that! FishWise has launched a blog on our website to help consumers think more critically about the seafood they eat.

Take this seafood quiz to learn if you are FishWise!

1.    What is more sustainable, farmed or wild salmon?
2.    True or False: Fish can live to be 100 years old.
3.    True or False: Some catch methods, like bottom trawling, have high amounts of bycatch, even including turtles!

To learn more about the above questions, check out our blog to read the full stories and become FishWise (check the comments section below for the answers).

Check out the new FishWise blog on sustainable seafood
The FishWise blog covers such topics as farmed versus wild salmon, fishery-specific problems, fish-farming practices, and new fish science!

Want to do even more? Shop at a FishWise member retailer to support stores that source more sustainable seafood. All FishWise member retailer partners label the sustainability of their seafood right on their seafood signs!

Is your local grocery store not FishWise yet? Tell them to go to www.fishwise.org to learn more!

Quiet times in the hallways of MLML

Amanda Kahn
Amanda Kahn

by Amanda Kahn, Invertebrate Zoology and Molecular Ecology Lab

Summertime at the labs is an industrious time, with many of us working hard on our thesis projects while we don’t have to worry about classes. Our time here at MLML is divided into two major stages: the stage when we take classes like oceanography, laboratory techniques, and background classes (like marine botany or a class about birds, turtles, and mammals), and the stage when we work on our own research project. The class stage is really important–it allows us to choose what field interests us, and what kinds of research are going on in that field. We take the classes so we can learn about a field and start asking questions. We keep asking questions and learning more until finally our questions can’t be answered–because the answers haven’t been figured out yet. That is where the thesis research comes in!

Once we come up with a question that is interesting to us and unknown in the world so far, then we design a research project and follow the steps of the scientific method to address that question to the best of our abilities. It’s a little sample of what scientific research is like. From doing a thesis project, we students can figure out if we are interested in becoming scientific researchers or if we prefer non-research science pursuits.

Even if a student ultimately decides not to go into research, however, everyone conducts research while they are here at MLML. That is why the hallways are quiet right now–everyone is holed up in their labs working on their research projects, or sitting at home reading about possible project ideas.

Or, the hallways may just be quiet because it’s summer and the beach is only a 5 minute walk away…

 

It's hard to keep working when the beach is so close by! Credit: Amanda Kahn 2006
It's hard to keep working when the beach is so close by! Credit: Amanda Kahn 2006

Summer at Sea: Close Quarters

Double parked: getting aboard my survey boat (the Noah's Ark, teal color) was a bit of a gymnastic feat!
Double parked: Climbing aboard my survey boat (the Noah's Ark, teal color) with my duffel bag was a bit of a gymnastic feat!
Erin Loury
Erin Loury

by Erin Loury, Ichthyology

Klutzes like me have to look lively when boarding a boat.  The first rule of thumb is to mind your space, because it’s at a premium!  Heavy equipment, sharp things and moving parts can be around every corner, people are hurrying past you to get to their stations, and to top it off, the whole shebang is typically rocking under your feet with the waves.

Last summer, I spent 10 days at sea aboard an 85-foot fishing boat as part of a trawling survey for the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Just getting on board was something of an adventure.   The whole “Mind the gap” philosophy definitely applies when jumping from pier to boat, to boat, while ducking under railings and passing gear over a narrow-but-steep drop to the water below.   And I quickly learned once I stepped inside that there’s generally not a lot of personal space.   Three scientists, three crew, and one bathroom (or head, as you’d say on a boat) – you do the math.

e sweet bunkroom.  Feeling like a packed sardine is probably an appropriate feeling for a fishing survey!
Bunkroom for four – feeling like a packed sardine is probably an appropriate feeling for a fishing survey!

Surprisingly, bathroom time was not much of an issue, but the sleeping arrangements sure were cozy.  My bunk became even smaller once I wedged in my bulky survival suit – about the size of a large sleeping bag – so that it would be handy to grab should any Titanic-style drama ensue.   Fortunately, except for one safety drill, there it stayed and provided something of a lumpy backrest.

Home sweet bunk - the space to call my own for 10 days.
Home sweet bunk - the space to call my own for 10 days.

My first night at sea was probably the roughest.  We left port about 4 pm and were steaming through the night to get to our first trawling location on the southern California coast.  The way the bunks were laid across the boat caused me to rock slightly from head to toe like I was lying on a seesaw – not at all conducive to falling sleep.  I found myself suddenly commiserating with immigrants of yesteryear crossing rough seas to the new world, enduring seasick nights in their crammed quarters. Oh dear, I thought. This is going to be a long 10 days.

Luckily, after my first full day at sea, my nerves – and my stomach – quieted down.  Between the crew rapping on the walls at 3 am to switch out their turns on watch, to the 6 am wake-up as the winch let out a hydraulic squeal to set the first net, I was more than ready to fall asleep at the end of each long day.   And never once did I tumble out of my bunk in the middle of the night.